• Housing policies force Roma communities into separate settlements that lack basic infrastructure and render inhabitants more vulnerable to illness and disease.
• Roma members are further more likely to be evicted from their homes and left to fend for themselves on the street.
• San communities have been expelled from their land and forced into settlements with inadequate facilities.
• Hospitals place Roma women in a separate maternity ward.

• ICCPR 2(1)
• CEDAW 2(a),(e)
• ACHPR 2
• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, art. 2 (elimination of discrimination against women)
• European Race Directive 2000/43/EC

• Doctors and health facilities are not located in or in close proximity to Roma and San neighbourhoods.
• Roma and San patients are refused treatment, given inferior care, or abused in public health facilities.
• Roma and San women lack access to maternal and reproductive health services.
• Social policies disproportionately exclude Roman individuals from access to health insurance.
• Displaced from their lands, the San have been deprived of their traditional livelihood, and their health has suffered.

• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, art. 14(1): "State Parties shall ensure the right to health of women, including sexual and reproductive health is respected and promoted."
• African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 14 (child’s right to the highest attainable standard of health)

CESCR: “States have a special obligation to provide those who do not have sufficient means with the necessary health insurance and health-care facilities, and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds.” [CESCR GC 14, para. 19].

CESCR: “[I]ndigenous peoples have the right to specific measures to improve their access to health services and care….  [D]evelpment-related activities that lead to the displacement of indigenous peoples against their will from traditional territories and environment, denying them their sources of nutrition and breaking their symbiotic relationship with their lands, has a deleterious effect on their health.” [CESCR GC 14, para. 27].

CESCR: explaining that “the right to health embraces a wide range of socio-economic factors that promote conditions in which people can lead a healthy life, and extends to the underlying determinants of health, such as food and nutrition, housing, access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, safe and healthy working conditions, and a healthy environment.” [CESCR GC 14, paras 4, 11, 12].

CESCR: calling for the Roma’s inclusion in Serbia’s health insurance scheme. [E/C.12/1/Add.108, June 2005, para. 60].

CERD: encouraging the implementation of programs to improve Roma health in Lithuania, bearing in mind their disadvantaged situation resulting from extreme poverty and low levels of education. [CERD/C/LTU/CO/3 (CERD, 2006), para. 22].

CEDAW Committee:  noting the Roma women’s marginalization and lack of access to health care and calling upon Macedonia to provide information on concrete projects to address these problems. [CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/3, Feb 2006, para. 28].

CRC Committee: noting the limited access to health services for Roma children in Hungary. [CRC/C/HUN/CO/2 (CRC, 2006), para. 41]

SR Indigenous: recommending that South African social services, health, and education departments give high priority attention to San needs and grievances. [E/CN.4/2006/78/Add.2 (SR Indigenous, 2005), para. 92].

• There are fewer health facilities in Roma and San communities, and there is little attempt to provide them with basic health information.
• Due to poor educational facilities in San communities, illiteracy rates are high, and children are unable to access important health information.
• Roma children are channeled into “special schools,” which provide an inferior education and limit their access to health information.
• Roma women lack access to information on sexual and reproductive health.
• Data on Roma and San health is inadequate, hindering the development of policies to address the needs of these communities.

• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, art. 14(2)(a) (right to health education and information)
• African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 11 (right to education);

• Roma members are unable to obtain citizenship papers and a health card, leaving them without access to social and health services.
• Labeled child-like, San members have little say in policy decisions affecting their health and well-being.
• Roma, particularly women, are unable to participate in public life and access needed social services.

• CEDAW 14(2)(a) (right of rural women to participate in development planning)
• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, art. 9(1): "States Parties shall take specific positive action to promote participative governance and the equal participation of women in the political life of their countries."
• European Convention on Citizenship and the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

• Roma children are disproportionately targeted by police officers and subjected to ill-treatment and abuse.
• Roma women are coercively sterilized without their fully informed consent.
• Roma and San women and children are frequent victims of domestic violence due to extreme living conditions such as land dispossession, community isolation, high unemployment, poverty, and alcohol abuse.
• Due to discriminatory attitudes, police are especially reluctant to interfere when Roma women are victims of domestic violence.

• CRC 19(1) (protecting the child from all forms of physical or mental violence)
• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, art. 4(1): "Every woman shall be entitled to respect for her life and the integrity and security of her person."
• European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, art 5: "An intervention in the health field may only be carried out after the person concerned has given free and informed consent to it."